Traditionally, vehicles were designed with features that remained static from the moment they rolled off the assembly line. Regardless of engine performance, infotainment options, or additional features, these aspects did not evolve during the vehicle’s ownership period. When an owner traded the vehicle or sold it, the next owner received the same unchangeable attributes.
However, this trend is shifting as a greater number of contemporary vehicles are increasingly defined by software.
According to McKinsey, a software-defined vehicle is created with a core computer architecture that can receive upgrades throughout its lifespan, allowing for the addition of new applications and features long after it has left the factory. These updates occur similarly to those on smartphones via wireless downloads, which install automatically without the need for dealership visits. Although a car is quite different from a smartphone (being a large and complex machine necessary for safety at high speeds), the fundamental process remains relatable. An over-the-air (OTA) update utilizes cellular or in-vehicle Wi-Fi to reach the vehicle and install seamlessly.
Here are three ways vehicle owners can benefit from OTA updates today, which can enhance everything from infotainment capabilities to extended electric vehicle range.
Enhanced Connectivity and Energy Features
Engaging with Dealers for Insights
In March 2026, Lucid introduced Apple CarPlay and Android Auto for Gravity SUV owners whose vehicles were initially launched without these features. That same month, Volvo announced what its chief engineering officer described as the most extensive OTA update in the company’s history, known as Volvo Car UX, affecting around 2.5 million vehicles dating back to the 2020 model year. This update positioned frequently used applications, such as navigation and media, on the home screen and reduced the number of steps needed to access them.
According to Bell, this new user experience significantly enhances key features based on customer input.
While Volvo focused on redefining the screen functionality, Ford put its efforts into what appears on it. Details from Ford’s software releases shared with regulators indicate the addition of video streaming as an entertainment option for F-150 Lightning trucks, utilizing the Ford Power-Up update system.
Additionally, Ford’s Home Backup Power feature allows F-150 Lightning trucks with standard-range batteries to provide emergency electricity to homes during outages through a one-time software activation fee.
Importantly, these updates did not necessitate a vehicle replacement or dealer visits, though they were not all provided free of charge. The updates from Lucid and Volvo were complimentary, whereas Ford’s Home Backup Power did incur a cost. Consumers interested in purchasing vehicles in the coming years should engage with local dealerships to inquire about which updates are free and which include fees.
Addressing Recalls and Cybersecurity Concerns
OTA Updates Offer Solutions Without Appointments
Tesla executed a recall affecting over 1.8 million vehicles across its Model S, Model 3, Model X, and Model Y lines in response to issues regarding hoods unexpectedly opening while driving. A faulty latch switch was identified as the issue, which could fail to signal the hood when not securely closed.
Rather than physically replacing the latch in every affected vehicle, Tesla issued an OTA update (firmware 2024.20.3) allowing for changes in the software’s interpretation of the switch’s signal. Consequently, drivers would receive a dashboard notification whenever the hood was not fully secured, no mechanical repair was needed, and there was no need to visit a service center.
In another case, BMW responded to security vulnerabilities identified by researchers, which could have allowed unauthorized access to its infotainment and telematics systems. The company resolved these flaws through an OTA update after collaborating with the researchers who discovered them.
Improving Range and Efficiency
Battery Management Through Software
OTA updates can also enhance an electric vehicle’s battery management system, optimizing charge efficiency and improving overall performance over time.
In 2020, Tesla discovered that its latest Model S and Model X exceeded their advertised range. The company increased the EPA-rated range on these models to 390 miles for the Model S and 351 miles for the Model X, subsequently pushing an update so existing owners could see the revised range on their dashboards. This update did not involve changes to the battery or powertrain—rather, the software had initially underrepresented the hardware’s capabilities.
Whereas Tesla adjusted the dashboard data, Rivian enhanced the actual performance of its battery. The company’s release notes detailed an update improving the charging curve for its Gen 1 Max Pack and Gen 2 vehicles, enabling faster charging for owners.
Limitations of OTA Updates
Despite the numerous advantages of OTA updates, they cannot replace the need for qualified technicians for essential maintenance tasks in gasoline, hybrid, or electric vehicles. Tasks like tire rotation, brake pad replacement, and fluid changes still require hands-on expertise. It’s best to view OTA updates as supplementary to regular maintenance.
Remote diagnostics can detect issues, such as an overheating battery cell, before they lead to larger problems. The U.S. market for such monitoring was valued at $4.82 billion in 2024, and it is expected to encompass over 95% of new vehicles by 2030. However, early detection does not equate to resolution, as repairs may still necessitate professional intervention.
Moreover, the level of connectivity and responsiveness can vary by manufacturer. A brand’s past performance regarding recalls and security issues can serve as an indicator of its future response abilities. Ultimately, the era of software-defined vehicles means manufacturers have increased opportunities to connect with consumers by providing beneficial updates post-purchase.
